You Have To Look At Your Return

I am looking at a case that covers relatively well-trod ground. It did however remind me of a client from around 20 years ago. I got a different result than the taxpayer did in this case, but I suspect part of the reason is the IRS becoming noticeably more overbearing with penalties over the last two decades.

Anna Walton is a psychologist. In 2014 the firm where she worked informed her that their interests had diverged. This of course is jargon for termination, and she transitioned to her own firm with multiple clients, including Brown University and the National Geographic Society.

 Having multiple clients meant that she received multiple Forms 1099 at the end of the year. It is a poor idea to blow these off, as the IRS uses the 1099s for computer matching of reported income. Report less income than the 1099s on file and you can anticipate an automated notice from the IRS.

Let’s roll to January, 2016 and Ms Walton was looking at her 2015 records. She e-mailed her accountant of approximately 20 years that the practice had approximately $525 grand in revenues. The accountant used that number to arrive at an estimated tax payment.

So far there is no big deal.

She later sent her tax stuff in. A staff accountant working at the firm noted that the 1099s she remitted only added-up to approximately $351 grand. Cross-referencing the $525 grand e-mail, the accountant asked whether Ms Walton had or was expecting other 1099s. She also asked about other stuff, such as contributions, tuition plans and whatnot going into the tax return.

COMMENT: In case you are wondering, it is quite unlikely that your accountant personally prepares your tax return. It is more likely that he/she hires someone to prepare your return, including questions, and then reviews the draft return once fully or mostly prepared. I for example prepare very few returns, but I review a ton. There are not enough hours in the day for me to work with as many returns as I do if I also had to prepare them.

Ms Walton responded to the accountant but blew-off the 1099 question.

The accountant asked again.

Ms Walton blew her off again.

I think you get the drift.

The accountant prepared the return with the information available. The IRS caught the underreporting of 1099 income. The IRS wanted tax. It also wanted penalties.

Ms Walton agreed to the tax, but she did not think she should owe penalties.

Off to Tax Court they went

Her argument was easy: she relied on her accountant.

Folks, there are prerequisites to the reliance argument. For example, one has to provide all necessary information to the accountant. Secondly, that reliance is moot if even the most cursory review of the return would alert the average person to errors on the return.

The Court was quite curious why Ms Walton did not inquire why the return showed approximately one-third less revenues than she herself had previously told the accountant.

I also suspect that the Court did not take kindly to Ms Walton repetitively blowing-off the staff accountant. The repeated questioning would have/should have alerted a reasonable person that more attention was required on the matter.

The Court decided that she did not have reasonable cause to abate the penalty.

I agree.

My client back in the antediluvian days?

He left $3.5 million off his return.

The IRS wanted tax and penalties.

I argued the penalties.

What was my argument?

The client reported so much income from so many sources that $3.5 million could reasonably have been overlooked on that year’s return.

I wish I had a personal tax return like that.

I got penalty abatement, by the way.

Our case this time was Walton v Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2021-40.

 

Can You Get Penalty Abatement If Your Accountant Dies?

What if you give your tax documents to your CPA and your CPA dies before preparing your return?

I am reading a case where that happened.

I will lead with this: the IRS assessed almost $41,000 in penalties.

The Willetts had a longstanding relationship with their CPA (Goode). In August, 2015 they gave her all the tax documents to prepare their 2014 tax return.

Time passed and the Willetts attempted to reach Goode, but without success. In October, she finally responded, explaining she had been ill and in a nursing home. She would cover any penalties and interest associated with their return.

In November, 2015 (mind you, the return was due October 15) Mrs Willett visited Goode at her home. Ms Goode assured her she would bounce back and finish their return.

That was the last time the Willetts spoke with Goode, who passed away in February, 2017.

The Willetts had some foreboding, however, as they contacted other CPA firms to address their 2014 return. There were obstacles – Goode had original documents, for example – but they were trying. The Willetts were told that the firms were already too busy with individual returns or that their return was too complex.

COMMENT: Folks, that sounds odd to this practitioner. Methinks there is more to the story.

They finally found and hired a CPA in June, 2016. They filed their 2014 return in September, 2016 – eleven months late.

You already know the IRS came back hot with penalties and interest.

The Willetts took the case to a District Court in California.

COMMENT: That means that they had to pay the penalties and then litigate for a refund. Had they gone to Tax Court, they would not have had to pay the penalties and interest before bringing suit. That would be the upside. The downside to the Tax Court is that the judges are tax specialists. It is a little harder to spin a tale to a specialist, as opposed to a district judge who is a generalist and hears a spectrum of cases.

Penalties can be abated for reasonable cause, but there is a case out there – Boyle – that greatly circumscribes a taxpayer’s ability to rely on an accountant in order to abate penalties. The Boyle decision (sort of) divided tax practice into two categories for purpose of penalty abatement:

(1) The first category is “routine” compliance, such as looking up when a tax return is due and making sure it gets filed by then.

(2) The second category includes professional advice, such as whether a Code section affects a taxpayer or what certain provisions from the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act even mean.

The Boyle court acknowledged that one could rely on an accountant for column two issues, but one probably could not rely for purposes of column one.  The IRS has subsequently interpreted Boyle aggressively, arguing that the qualifier “probably” is not even required in the preceding sentence.

So how does Boyle work when your CPA dies? Is it more like column one or more like column two?

The Court discussed issues surrounding taxpayer reliance on an agent, but at heart the Court was looking at someone who relied on an accountant – apparently a sole practitioner – who was quite ill, in and out of nursing facilities and incapable of producing timely work.

Question: what would a reasonable person do?

After all, the concept is reasonable cause.

The Court was not at all persuaded that reasonable people would wait endlessly for their accountant to recover from a nursing home stay before preparing their return. A reasonable person would seek-out another accountant – even if it was a one-off engagement - in order to meet their tax responsibilities.

There was no reasonable cause.

I admire the Willetts’ loyalty to their practitioner, but their delay cost them $41 grand.

Deducting Something You Did Not Pay For

What caught my eye was the amount of penalties at issue:

     Year                       Amount

     2002                       $  100,000

     2003                       $  105,000

     2004                       $1,822,000

     2005                       $1,785,000

     2006                       $1,355,000

The penalties total over $5.1 million. I had to look this case over, even though it weighs in at 123 pages.

It involves Martin Knapp, a CPA. He got his license in 1983.

He had worked at the IRS. He also taught accounting and taxation at Pepperdine and Los Angeles City College.

Not a bad resume, methinks.

He did something I never did: he specialized his practice. He focused on transportation workers, including airline pilots and railroad workers. He especially focused on mariners.

As of 2004 he employed 10 people.

Sounds successful to me.

He began his mariner practice around 1993. Two of his clients wound up in Tax Court, and it is there that our story begins.

The first client was Mr. Johnson, a deep-sea mariner. He would routinely work for four months and then take a two-month vacation.

The second was Mr. Westling, a tugboat captain in and around Alaska. He would work 30-day shifts on the tugboat.

Knapp amended Johnson’s return and prepared Mr. Westling’s return for 1996. He claimed a per diem for every day they were on the boat.

So what, right?

Here is the what: The per diem included a meal allowance, and their employers provided the meals.

I do not get it. How can someone get a deduction if that someone did not incur an expense in the first place?

The IRS flagged the returns, and both went to Tax Court.

Since they presented the same issue, the cases were consolidated.

In September, 2000 the Tax Court decided that neither could deduct meal expenses but they could deduct incidental expenses.

COMMENT: The incidental portion of a per diem is for tips and miscellaneous stuff, such as mouthwash. It is only a few bucks per day and nowhere near the amount allowed for meals. In short, there was a (very) minor victory and a very large defeat.

Mr Kapp did not represent in the Tax Court case, but he did read the decisions. He contacted the attorney who represented the IRS to request a face-to-face meeting. The attorney could not do this, as Kapp was an “interested” party. I could (hypothetically) have met with the attorney (as I had nothing to do with either Johnson or Westling), but Kapp was the CPA and therefore very much an interested party.

Kapp doubled down. He kept advising his clients that they could deduct meals even if meals were provided by their employer.

He tripled down. He created websites promoting his services to mariners and asserting that he could obtain tax refunds for them.

He quadrupled down. He wrote articles for Professional Mariner and The National Public Accountant. Here is an example:

The exciting news for mariners is that two U.S. Tax Court decisions last year settled the legal issue of allowing mariners to claim an almost unlimited amount of travel deductions while working away from home, without ever having to show the IRS any receipts, just like other transportation workers.”

Enter Examining Officer Tiffany Smith, who informed Kapp that he was the target of an IRS investigation for tax shelter promotion.

He sent her a 9-page letter detailing the relevant authority for the mariner deduction and arguing that the IRS does not oppose his position.

Does not oppose…?

Kapp wrote a letter he titled “Why is IRS Harassing Me for Twice Winning in U.S. Tax Court?”

This is going south ….

The investigation was transferred to George Campos, a revenue agent investigating tax promoters and abusive tax return preparers.

There is back and forth with Kapp and his attorney. In August, 2005 Campos and Kapp meet. Campos points out that there is no deduction for something one has not paid. Kapp asserts that “it does not matter if *** receive a meal or not, they’re still entitled to a deduction.”

Campos prepared an injunction.

Kapp’s attorney started to worry. He had an associate research the issue of mariners and meal deductions and memo the same. The result was pretty much the same as the IRS position, which was a bad place to be when you represent Kapp.

In early 2006 the Department of Justice sent Kapp a letter informing him that it was considering filing a lawsuit and providing him an opportunity to call and discuss the matter.

For all that is holy, Kapp, please STOP ….

At this point we are on page 55 of a 123-page court decision, and I am going to end it.

The IRS wanted him to stop. If he stops, he may yet walk away with all limbs still attached. Continue this quixotic quest, however, and he might lose it all.

The Court decided he was wrong and hardheaded. Not being without compassion, however, the Court reduced the penalties to $3,218,000.

There goes a lifetime of savings.

Oh, why, Kapp, why?

When The IRS Does Not Believe You Filed An Extension

I have a certain amount of concern whenever we approach a major due date. Let’s use your personal tax return as an example. It is due on April 15; an extension stretches that out to October 15. 

What is the big deal?

Penalties. Fail to extend the return, for example.

How does this happen?

A client moves to another city. A client was unhappy with your fees last year, and you are uncertain if the client is staying with you. A client’s kid starts working, prompting a tax return for the first time. A client gets involved with some business, and the first time you hear about it is when his/her information comes in. A client does business in a new state.

Or – let’s be frank here – you just miss it.

There are two common penalties; think of them as the salt and pepper of penalties:

·      Failure to file

·      Failure to pay

We associate the IRS with taking our money, so one would easily assume that the more onerous penalty is failure to pay. It is not. Owe money past April 15 and the IRS will charge a penalty of ½% per month.

Fail to file, however, and the penalty is 5% per month.

Yep, 10 times as much.

And when does the penalty start?

Miss that extension and it starts April 16.

Huh? Don’t you have until October 15 to file that thing?

Yes, IF you file an extension.

You do not want to miss that extension.

I was reading a case about the Laidlaw brothers. They sold Harley Davidson motorcycles, and they got pulled into Court for a welfare benefit plan that went awry.

There was one issue left: did their accountant file extensions for the two brothers by April 15? If not, those penalties included 5 zeroes. We are talking enough-to-buy-a-house money.

To add to the stress, the trial occurred about a decade after the tax year in question.

The accountant’s name was Morgan, and he presented extensions showing zero tax due for each brother. The IRS said it never received any extensions. Morgan did not send the extensions certified mail, but he recalled sending both extensions in the same envelope. He remembered taking the envelope to the post office and checking for proper postage. He took pride that the Post Office had never returned an extension request for insufficient postage.

He pointed out that there was no question about an extension for the year before, and the year before that, and so forth. The brothers were significant clients to his firm, and he went the extra mile.

The IRS was having none of it. They pointed out that Morgan had many clients, and the likelihood that he could remember something that specific from a decade ago was dubious. Additionally, any memory was suspect as self-serving.

Sounds like Morgan needed to present well in front of the Court.

And there is the rub. The Laidlaw case went Rule 122, meaning that depositions were submitted to the Court, but there was no opportunity for face-to-face questioning.

Here is the Court:

… we had no opportunity to observe Mr. Morgan’s credibility as a witness. The reliability of a witness’ testimony hinges on his credibility. We were not provided a full opportunity – so critical to our being able to find the witness reliable – to evaluate Mr. Morgan’s credibility on the issue of timely filing because petitioners never offered his live testimony in a trial setting. While we can learn much from reading the testimony, it is not the same as a firsthand observation of the witness’ demeanor and sincerity, both essential aspects of credibility and reliability.

The brothers lost, and the IRS collected a sizeable penalty amount.

Back in the day, we used to log all extensions going to the IRS. We would certify each envelope and then attach the receipt to a log detailing each envelope’s contents. Granted, that log could not prove that a given envelope contained a given extension, but it did show our attention to policies and procedures. I recall getting out of at least one sizeable penalty by arguing that point to the IRS.

Those were different times, and many (including me) would say that today’s IRS is less forgiving of basic human error

And, to some extent, we are talking ancient history with extension procedure. Today’s practices, our included, has moved to electronic filing. Our software tracks and records our extensions and returns and their receipt by the IRS. I do not need to keep a mail log as my software does it for me.

Morgan needed something like a log. It would have given the Court confidence in and support for his recollection of acts occurring a decade earlier, even without him being present to testify in person.

An Attorney, A CPA and Confidentiality

Do you have privacy protection if you tell me something as your CPA?

Your first thought might be yes, as your CPA might be the financial doppelganger to an attorney.

Then again, the answer might be no, as your CPA is not in fact an attorney – unless he/she is one of those rare birds that pairs-up a JD/CPA.

What got me thinking along these lines is the recent case US v Galloway.

Let’s travel to 2006. The IRS notifies Galloway that his 2003 return has been pulled for audit.

Audit starts.

In the middle of the audit Galloway’s CPA fires him. Why? Galloway did not pay his fees.

In 2008 Galloway gets sent to CID (Criminal Investigation Division), the part of the IRS that carries badges and guns.

As a heads-up: you NEVER want to deal with CID. It is one thing to argue with regular IRS, appeal penalties, stretch out a payment plan and so on. All that crowd wants is your money. CID investigates criminal conduct and they have a different goal: to put you in jail.

CID agents went to his business offices in Bakersfield, California. Upon their approach, a man in the office locked the door and called the police.

The CID agents also called the police and informed them there were two plain clothed and armed federal agents waiting for them to arrive.

The man stepped out of the building and provided them with the name of an attorney. The CID agents cleared out before the police arrived.

Nothing. Suspicious. There.

Since that visit went so well, CID next issued a summons for production of documents to the former CPA.

The CPA met with them, explained his relationship with Galloway and answered questions on how he prepared Galloway’s 2003 return. No great surprise: Galloway had forwarded QuickBooks information; the CPA asked a few questions, massaged a few numbers and produced a tax return. Happens in a thousand CPA offices every day.

There was a smidgeon of a problem, though.

Remember that the CPA had started the Galloway audit. As part of the audit, Galloway had provided him more paperwork, including additional and replacement QuickBooks runs. No big deal - usually.

What was unusual was that the new QuickBooks runs did not match-up to the earlier run the CPA used for the tax return.  

Galloway was charged with four counts of attempting to evade tax.

What to do?

Galloway sought to suppress all evidence obtained from his prior CPA. Why? Code Section 7609. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. Equitable authority. Applebee’s 2 for $20 menu.

You get it: kitchen sink. Galloway was throwing everything he had.

And this brings us to the Couch case from 1973. It was a Supreme Court case, so it is big-time precedent.

Couch owned a restaurant. At issue was unreported income. Cash. Pocket. Wink. You understand.

The IRS issued a subpoena to Couch’s accountant for books, records, bank statements, cancelled checks, deposit ticket copies, Sunday newspaper coupons and unexpired S&H green stamps.

Couch said: hold up. She had provided all that stuff to her accountant, so subpoenaing her accountant rather than her personally was nonetheless a violation of her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.

I like her argument.

Ultimately – as Captain Picard would say – her argument was futile.

The Court was short and swift: Couch had no “legitimate expectation of privacy” upon providing information to a third-party with the goal of processing, straining and compressing that same information onto a government tax return.

Back to Galloway.

As you can see, he was taking a low-probability swing on a high-and-tight fastball.

He struck out. He could not make enough separation between his situation and Couch to avoid the precedent.

How do tax CPAs handle situations like Galloway in practice?

First of all: interaction with CID is rare. One can have a long career and never see the criminal side of the IRS.  

I have run into CID once or twice over 30+ years, most recently in connection with a fraudulent tax preparer in northern Kentucky. I also recently (enough) represented a client whose file was submitted by Exam to CID, but CID rejected the matter. The client was eye-rollingly negligent, but Exam hyperventilated (I thought then and now) and started seeing intent where only stupidity abounded.  

Anyway, here is what the CPA should recommend:

(1) Have the client hire an attorney

(2) Have the attorney hire the CPA

Under this arrangement, the CPA works for the attorney. He/she is protected under the attorney’s confidentiality privilege and cannot be compelled to testify unless the attorney releases him/her. The attorney will not – of course -  do any such thing.

This set-up is called a “Kovel,” by the way. Not surprisingly, it refers to a case by the same name.

What did Galloway’s accountant do wrong?

To be fair: nothing. Galloway was no longer a client. He was under no obligation to chase Galloway down.

Galloway really should have thought of that before stiffing the CPA for his fee.

Let’s however say Galloway was still a client. 

Folks, at the first hint or whiff of a criminal investigation I am (1) firing you or (2) you are providing me with a Kovel. Those are the only two options.

But it requires the accountant to recognize the danger signs.

Like a combined civil-criminal IRS examination, for example. Those are borderline unfair, as the IRS will pretend there is no criminal side to it. They introduce an unsettling miasma of entrapment, and they require the tax practitioner to realize that he/she is being played.

But that is not what happened with Galloway. CID went to his office, for goodness’ sake.

There was not a lot of subtlety there.

Data Security And Your Tax Preparer

I annually reflect on what was unique about every tax season, other than this is a difficult profession. I can understand why accounting graduates increasingly dismiss public accounting as a career choice.

I am concerned with the increasing concentration of confidential information in an accounting office.

We have always had your name, address, birthdate and social security number.

Right there is big bucks to an Eastern European identity thief.

Riding the best-intentions train, you now have states – Tennessee comes to mind – that will not allow you to pay their (Hall) tax with a check. No sir, you have to have that bad boy drafted against your bank account. I understand Tennessee’s position – it is cheaper than handling a check – but I do not care about their position. How dare they coerce you to make it convenient for them to Soprano your money. If it is so much trouble, then stop taking the money!

You have no choice with those states.

So we have your bank information.

We now have additional “identity theft” safeguards. For example, some states require driver’s license information before you can file your return. Wow, I now have a copy of your driver’s license. And your spouse’s, if you are married.

Seems the government has shifted data protection responsibility to your friendly neighborhood tax preparer.

I did not want your data. I still don’t want it, but there it is - on my server.

Which can be carried away in an instant.

How hard would it be for someone to take down my office door, walk to the server, pull out all the wires and walk out with the thing?

And their goes your name, address, birth date, social security number, bank account information, driver’s license, those of your spouse and children, and who knows what else.

Identity thieves are spending way too much time hacking into Target and other major corporations.

It would be easier to break into CPA offices across the fruited plain. One person. One server. Repeat. You could probably knock out a dozen or two in a day.

Thank heavens our government is standing guard over all CPA firm servers in all the offices in all the cities across the land. 

Otherwise we would have reason to be concerned.

News from Murmansk, Russia

At first, I thought the following to be from The Onion, the online humorous and satirical publication of society and current events. Best I can tell, however, it seems genuine.

There was a circus bus in Murmansk. There was a 6 ½-foot crocodile. The circus features a crocodile in one of its performances, perhaps something crazy like putting your head between the jaws of a crocodile.  The bus hit a pothole. A 264- pound woman accountant was sent flying (some pothole!). She landed on top of Fyodor, the previously mentioned crocodile.

Fyodor was sick after being body checked, and he missed his next circus appearance. Medical authorities evaluated Fyodor for injuries. He was thought to have symptoms of shock, but this was unconfirmed because – you now – Fyodor is a crocodile and cannot speak.

The woman accountant was reprimanded and told to wear her seatbelt in the future.

And there was the news on May 22, 2014, from Murmansk, Russia.

Here is the link:

Crocodile injured by falling accountant during circus bus accident in Russia  

I Dreamed A (Tax Season) Dream

Have you ever heard or watched the show “True Life” on MTV? One of the directors for that show was James Huang. He has gone on to other efforts, one of which is his parody on the Les Miserables’ song “I Dreamed a Dream.”  It has a very noticeable accountant/tax season theme.

My favorite line?

            “Busy season has killed a dream I dreamed.”

Remember to laugh when and as much as you can.