The Skip Tax - Part Two

 

How does one work with the skip?

In my experience, the skip is usually the realm of the tax attorneys, although that is not to say the tax CPA does not have a role. The reason is that most skips involve trusts, and trusts are legal documents. CPAs cannot create legal documents. However, let that trust age a few decades, and it is possible that the next set of eyes to notice a technical termination or taxable distribution will be the CPA.

Let’s pause for a moment and talk about the annual exclusion and lifetime exemption.

The gift tax has an annual exclusion of $18,000 per donee per year. There is also a (combined gift and estate tax) lifetime exemption of $13.6 million per person. If you gift more than $18 grand to someone, you start carving into that $13.6 million lifetime exemption.

The skip tax has the same exclusion and exemption limits as the gift tax.

The problem is that a gift and a skip may not happen at the same time.

Let’s take two examples.

(1)  A direct skip

That is the proverbial gift to the grandchild. Let’s say that it well over $18 grand, so you must file a return with the IRS.

You gift her a $100 grand.

The gift is complete, so you file Form 709 (the gift tax return) with your individual tax return next year.

The transfer immediately dropped at least two generations, so the skip is complete. You complete the additional sections in Form 709 relating to skips. You claim the annual exclusion of $18 grand, and you apply some of the $13.6 million exemption to cover the remaining $82 grand.

Done. Directs skips are easy.

(2)  An indirect skip

Indirects are another way of saying trusts.

Remember we discussed that there is a scenario (the taxable termination) where the trust itself is responsible for the skip tax. However, there is no skip tax until the exemption is exhausted. The skip may not occur for years, even decades, down the road. How is one to know if any exemption remains?

Enter something called the “inclusion ratio.”

Let’s use an example.

(1)  You fund a trust with $16 million, and you have $4 million of (skip) lifetime exemption remaining. 

(2)  The skip calculates a ratio for this trust.

4 divided by 16 is 25%.

Seems to me that you have inoculated 25% of that trust against GST tax.

(3)  Let’s calculate another ratio.

1 minus 25% is 75%.

This is called the inclusion ratio.

It tells you how much of that trust will be exposed to the skip tax someday.

(4)  Calculate the tax. 

Let’s say that the there is a taxable termination when the trust is worth $20 million.

$20 million times 75% equals $15 million.

$15 million is exposed to the skip tax.

Let’s say the skip tax rate is 40% for the year the taxable termination occurs.

The skip tax is $6 million.

That trust is permanently tainted by that inclusion ratio.

Now, in practice this is unlikely to happen. The attorney or CPA would instead create two trusts: one for $4 million and another for $11 million. The $4 million trust would be allocated the entire remaining $4 million exemption. The ratio for this trust would be as follows:

                       4 divided by 4 equals 1

                       1 minus 1 equals -0-.

                       The inclusion ratio is zero.

                       This trust will never have skip tax.

What about the second trust with $11 million?

You have no remaining lifetime exemption.

The second trust will have an inclusion ratio of one.

There will be skip tax on 100% of something in the future.

Expensive?

Yep, but what are you going to do?

In practice, these are sometimes called Exempt and Nonexempt trusts, for the obvious reason.

Reflecting, you will see that a direct skip does not have an equivalent to the “inclusion ratio.” The direct skip is easier to work with.

A significant issue involved with allocating is missing the issue and not allocating at all.

Does it happen?

Yes, and a lot. In fact, it happens often enough that the Code has default allocations, so that one does not automatically wind up having trusts with inclusion ratios of one.

But the default may not be what you intended. Say you have $5 million in lifetime exemption remaining. You simultaneously create two trusts, each for $5 million. What is that default going to do? Will it allocate the $5 million across both trusts, meaning that both trusts have an inclusion ratio of 50%? That is probably not what you intended. It is much more likely that you intend to allocate to only one trust, giving it an inclusion ratio of zero.

There is another potential problem.

The default does not allocate until it sees a “GST trust.”

What is a GST trust?

It is a trust that can have a skip with respect to the transferor unless one or more of six exceptions apply.

OK, exceptions like what?

Exception #1 – “25/46” exception. The trust instrument provides that more than twenty-five percent (25%) of the trust principal must be distributed (or may be withdrawn) by one or more persons who are non-skip persons before that individual reaches age forty-six (46) (or by a date that will occur or under other circumstances that are likely to occur before that individual reaches age forty-six (46)) (IRC §2632(c)(3)(B)(i)).”

Here is another:

Exception #2 – “25/10” exception. The trust instrument provides that more than twenty-five percent (25%) of the trust principal must be distributed (or may be withdrawn) by one or more persons who are non-skip persons and who are living on the date of the death of another person identified in the instrument who is more than ten (10) years older than such individual (IRC §2632(c)(3)(B)(ii)).”

Folks, this is hard terrain to navigate. Get it wrong and the Code does not automatically allocate any exemption until … well, who knows when?

Fortunately, the Code does allow you to override the default and hard allocate the exemption. You must remember to do so, of course.

There is another potential problem, and this one is abstruse.

One must be the “transferor” to allocate the exemption.

So what, you say? It makes sense that my neighbor cannot allocate my exemption.

There are ways in trust planning to change the “transferor.”

You want an example?

You set up a dynasty trust for your child and grandchildren. You give your child a testamentary general power of appointment over trust assets.

A general power of appointment means that the child can redirect the assets to anyone he/she wishes.

Here is a question: who is the ultimate transferor of trust assets – you or your child?

It is your child, as he/she has last control.

You create and fund the trust. You file a gift tax return. You hard allocate the skip exemption. You are feeling pretty good about your estate planning.

But you have allocated skip exemption to a trust for which you are not the “transferor.” Your child is the transferor. The allocation fizzles.

Can you imagine being the attorney, CPA, or trustee decades later when your child dies and discovering this? That is a tough day at the office.

I will add one more comment about working in this area: you would be surprised how legal documents and tax returns disappear over the years. People move. Documents are misplaced or inadvertently thrown out. The attorney has long since retired. The law firm itself may no longer exist or has been acquired by another firm. There is a good chance that your present attorney or CPA has no idea how – or if – anything was allocated many years ago. Granted, that is not a concern for average folks who will never approach the $13.6 million threshold for the skip, but it could be a valid concern for someone who hires the attorney or CPA in the first place. Or if Congress dramatically lowers the exemption amount in their relentless chase for the last quarter or dollar rolling free in the economy.

With that, let’s conclude our talk about skipping.

 

Spotting The Skip Tax - Part One

I was reviewing something this week we may not have discussed before. Mind you, there is a reason we haven’t: it is a high-rent problem, not easy to understand or likely to ever apply to us normals. If you work or advise in this area (as attorney, CPA, trustee or so on), however, it can wreck you if you miss it.

Let’s talk a bit about the generation skipping tax. It sometimes abbreviated “GST,” and I generally refer to it as the “skip.”

Why does this thing even exist?

It has to do with gift and estate taxes.

You know the gift tax: you are allowed to make annual gifts up to a certain amount per donee before having to report the gifts to the IRS. Even then, you are spotted an allowance for lifetime gifts. While there may be paperwork, you do not actually pay gift tax until you exhaust that lifetime allowance.

You know the estate tax: die with enough assets and you may have a death tax. Once again, there is an allowance, and no tax is due until you exceed that allowance. The 2024 lifetime exemption is $13.6 million per person, so you can be wealthy and still avoid this tax.

As I said, we are discussing high-end tax problems.

Then there is the third in this group of taxes: the generation skipping tax. It is there as a backstop. Without it, gift and estate taxes would lose a significant amount of their bite.

Why Does the Skip Exist?

Let go through an example.

When does the estate tax apply (setting aside that super-high lifetime exemption for this discussion)?

It applies when (a) someone with a certain level of assets (b) dies.

How would a planner work with this?

Here is an idea: what if one transfers assets to something that itself cannot die? Without a second death, the estate tax is not triggered again.

What cannot die, without going all Lovecraftian?

How about a corporation?

Or – more likely – a trust?

When Does The Skip Apply?

It applies when someone transfers assets to a skip person.

Let’s keep this understandable and not go through every exception or exception to the exception.

A skip person is someone two or more generations below the transferor.

          EXAMPLE:

·       A transfer to my kid would not be a skip.

·       A transfer to my grandchild would be a skip.

What Constitutes a Transfer?

There are two main types:

·       I simply transfer assets to my grandchild. Perhaps she finishes her medical degree, and I buy and deed her first house.

·       I transfer assets through a trust.

The first type is called a direct skip. Those are relatively easy to spot, trigger the skip immediately and require a tax filing.

You already know the form on which the skip is reported: the gift tax return itself (Form 709). The form has additional sections when the skip tax applies.

          EXAMPLE:

·       I give my son a hundred grand. This is over the annual dollar limit, so a gift tax return is required. My son is not a skip person, so I need not concern myself with the skip tax sections of Form 709.

·       I give my grandson a hundred grand. This is over the annual limit, so a gift tax return is required. My grandson is also a skip person, so I need to complete the skip tax sections of Form 709.

What Is the Second Type of Transfer?

Use a trust.

Here is an example:

• Create a trust in a state that has relaxed its rule against perpetuities (RAP).

a.     This rule comes from English common law, and its intent was to limit how long a person can control the ownership and transfer of property after his/her death.

• Fund the trust at the settlor’s death.

a.     If that someone is Jeff Bezos or Elon Musk, there could be some serious money involved here.

•   The settlor’s children receive distributions from the trust. When they die, the settlor’s grandchildren take their place.

• When the grandchildren die, the great grandchildren take their place, and so on.

What we described above BTW is a dynasty trust.

The key here is - before the skip tax entered the Code in the 1970s - the then-existing gift and estate tax rules would NOT pull that trust back onto anyone’s estate return for another round of taxation.

Congress was not amused.

And you can see why a skip is defined as two generations below the transferor. Congress wanted a bite into that apple every generation, if possible.

How Does Skipping Through A Trust Work?

There are two main ways: 

EXAMPLE ONE: Say the trust has a mix of skip and nonskip beneficiaries, say children (nonskip) and grandchildren (skip). The IRS chills, because the trust might yet be includable in the taxable estate of a nonskip person. Say the last nonskip person dies (leaving only skips as beneficiaries) AND nothing is includable in an estate return somewhere. Yeah, no: this will trigger the skip tax. To make things confusing, the skip refers to this as a “termination,” even though nothing has actually terminated.   

EXAMPLE TWO: The trust again has a mix of skip and nonskip beneficiaries. This just like the preceding, except we will not kill-off the nonskip beneficiary. Instead, the trust simply distributes to a skip or skips (say the grandchildren or great-grandchildren). This triggers the skip tax and is easier to identify and understand.

If Skipping Through A Trust, When Is the Tax Due?

Look at Example One above. This could be years – or decades – after the creation of the trust.  

The trustee is supposed to recognize that there has been a skip “termination” of the trust. The trustee would file the (Form 709) tax return, and the trust would pay the skip tax.

And – yes – in the real world it is a problem. What if the trustee (or attorney or CPA) misses the termination as a taxable event?

Malpractice, that’s what. An insurance company will probably be involved.

What About Example Two?

This is a backstop to the first type of transfer. In the second type there is still a nonskip beneficiary, meaning that the trust has not “terminated” for skip purposes. The trust distributes, but the distribution goes to a skip.

Say the trust distributes a 1965 Shelby Mustang GT350 R.

First, nice.

Second, the skip tax is paid by the beneficiary receiving the distribution. The trust does not pay this one.

Third, the trustee may want to warn the beneficiary that he/she owes skip tax on a car worth at least $3.5 million.

Fourth, realistically the trust is going to pay, whether upfront or as a reimbursement to the beneficiary. The tax paid is itself subject to the skip tax if it comes out of the trust.

How Much Is the Skip Tax?

Right now, it is 40 percent.

It changes with changes to the gift and estate tax rates.

That 1965 Shelby GT 350R comes with a skip tax of at least $1.4 million. It takes a lot of green to ride mean.

How Do You Plan for This Tax?

The skip is very much a function of using trusts in estate planning.

Trust taxation can be oddball on its own.

Introduce skip tax and you can go near hallucinatory.

This is a good spot for us to break.

We will return next post to continue our skip talk.

The Consistent Basis Rule

 

I was talking to two brothers last week who are in a partnership with their two sisters. The partnership in turn owns undeveloped land, which it sold last year. The topic of the call was the partnership’s basis in the land, considering that land ownership had been divided in two and the partnership sold the property after the death of the two original owners. Oh, and there was a trust in there, just to add flavor to the stew.

Let’s talk about an issue concerning the basis of property inherited from an estate.

Normally basis means the same as cost, but not always. Say for example that you purchased a cabin in western North Carolina 25 years ago. You paid $250 grand for it. You have made no significant improvements to the cabin. At this moment your basis is your cost, which is $250 grand.

Let’s add something: you die. The cabin is worth $750 grand.

The basis in the cabin resets to $750 grand. That means – if your beneficiaries sell it right away – there should be no – or minimal – gain or loss from the sale. This is a case where basis does not equal cost, and practitioners refer to it as the “mark to market,” or just “mark” rule, for inherited assets.

There are, by the way, some assets that do not mark. A key one is retirement assets, such as 401(k)s and IRAs.

A possible first mark for the siblings’ land was in the 1980s.

A possible second mark was in the aughts.

And since the property was divided in half, a given half might not gone through both marks.

There is something in estate tax called the estate tax exemption. This is a threshold, and only decedents’ estates above that threshold are subject to tax. The threshold for 2024 is $13.6 million per person and is twice that if one is married.

That amount is scheduled to come down in 2026 unless Congress changes the law. I figure that the new amount will be about $7 million. And twice that, of course, if one is married.

COMMENT: I am a tax CPA, but I am not losing sleep over personal estate taxes.

However, the exemption thresholds have not always been so high. Here are selected thresholds early in my career: 

		Estate Tax
Year		Exclusion
1986		500,000
1987- 1997		600,000
1998		625,000

I would argue that those levels were ridiculously low, as just about anyone who was savings-minded could have been exposed to the estate tax. That is – to me, at least – absurd on its face.

One of our possible marks was in the 1980s, meaning that we could be dealing with that $500,000 or $600,000 estate threshold.

So what?

Look at the following gibberish from the tax Code. It is a bit obscure, even for tax practitioners.

Prop Reg 1.1014-10(c):

               (3) After-discovered or omitted property.

(i)  Return under section 6018 filed. In the event property described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section is discovered after the estate tax return under section 6018 has been filed or otherwise is omitted from that return (after-discovered or omitted property), the final value of that property is determined under section (c)(3)(i)(A) or (B) of this section.

(A) Reporting prior to expiration of period of limitation on assessment. The final value of the after-discovered or omitted property is determined in accordance with paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section if the executor, prior to the expiration of the period of limitation on assessment of the tax imposed on the estate by chapter 11, files with the IRS an initial or supplemental estate tax return under section 6018 reporting the property.

(B) No reporting prior to expiration of period of limitation on assessment. If the executor does not report the after-discovered or omitted property on an initial or supplemental Federal estate tax return filed prior to the expiration of the period of limitation on assessment of the tax imposed on the estate by chapter 11, the final value of that unreported property is zero. See Example 3 of paragraph (e) of this section.

(ii) No return under section 6018 filed. If no return described in section 6018 has been filed, and if the inclusion in the decedent's gross estate of the after-discovered or omitted property would have generated or increased the estate's tax liability under chapter 11, the final value, for purposes of section 1014(f), of all property described in paragraph (b) of this section is zero until the final value is determined under paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section. Specifically, if the executor files a return pursuant to section 6018(a) or (b) that includes this property or the IRS determines a value for the property, the final value of all property described in paragraph (b) of this section includible in the gross estate then is determined under paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section.

This word spill is referred to as the consistent basis rule.

An easy example is leaving an asset (intentionally or not) off the estate tax return.

Now there is a binary question:

Would have including the asset in the estate have caused – or increased – the estate tax?

If No, then no harm, no foul.

If Yes, then the rule starts to hurt.

Let’s remain with an easy example: you were already above the estate exemption threshold, so every additional dollar would have been subject to estate tax.

What is your basis as a beneficiary in that inherited property?

Zero. It would be zero. There is no mark as the asset was not reported on an estate tax return otherwise required to be filed.

If you are in an estate tax situation, the consistent basis rule makes clear the importance of identifying and reporting all assets of your estate. This becomes even more important when your estate is not yet at – but is approaching – the level where a return is required.

At $13.6 million per person, that situation is not going to affect many CPAs.

When the law changes again in a couple of years, it may affect some, but again not too many, CPAs.

But what if Congress returns the estate exemption to something ridiculous – perhaps levels like we saw in the 80s and 90s?

Well, the consistent basis rule could start to bite.

What are the odds?

Well, this past week I was discussing the basis of real estate inherited in the 1980s.

What are the odds?

"I Never Heard Of The Alternative Minimum Tax"

 

I am looking at a case that involves the alternative minimum tax.

While it still exists, much of the steam has thankfully been taken out of the AMT. It started off as Congressional reaction to a handful of ultrawealthy families paying little to no income taxes decades ago. Congress’s response was to require a second tax calculation, disallowing certain things – such as exemptions for your dependents.

Yes, you read that correctly, you large-family tax scofflaw.

Now, it wouldn’t be so bad if this thing had been scaled to only reach the wealthy and ultrawealthy, but that is not what Congress did. Congress instead gave you a spot, and then you were on your own. For 2017 that spot was approximately $84 grand in income for marrieds filing jointly.

I used to see the AMT as often as a Gibson’s employee sees donuts.

Thankfully the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 did a couple of things to defang the AMT:

(1) It increased the exemption (that is, the spot) for everyone. Marrieds now have an exemption of approximately $115,000, for example.

(2)  More importantly, it adjusted a previous rule that phased-out the exemption as one’s income increased. For example, marrieds in 2017 would start phasing-out when their income reached approximately $160,000. Now it is over $1 million, which makes a lot more sense it if was truly targeted at the wealthy.

Why the absurdly low previous income thresholds for the AMT, especially since it was supposed to target the “rich?” Think of it as Congressional addiction to paper crack – the paper being your dollar bills.

The tax law is a little saner until 2026, when the TCJA goes “poof.” Much prior tax law will then resurrect – including the previous version AMT.

Robert Colton and Alina Mazwin (R&A) filed a joint return for 2016.

The IRS did its computer matching and sent them a notice. There was $125,000 reported by JP Morgan Chase Bank. The IRS wanted taxes on it.

R&A explained to the IRS that the $125,000 was a legal settlement, and that half of it went to Mr Colton’s ex-spouse.

The IRS said OK, but we want taxes on the $62,500.

Let’s take an aside here. You may have heard that lawsuit settlements are not taxable. That is only partially true. The lawsuit has to involve physical injury (think a car crash, for example) to be tax-free.

It appears that Mr Colton’s settlement was of the non-car crash variety, meaning that it was taxable.

R&A then amended their 2016 return, picking up the $62,500 but also claiming a miscellaneous itemized deduction of $80,075 for attorney fees.

Hah! They might even get a tax refund out of this, right? Take that, IRS.

Except …

Guess what is not deductible for the AMT.

Yep, that miscellaneous itemized deduction.

So – for AMT purposes – their income went up by the $62,500 but there was no deduction for the related legal fee.

How much income did R&A have before the IRS contacted them?

About $40 grand.

Yep, the AMT had been bent so far beyond recognition that it trapped someone amending a return to show perhaps $100 grand in income.

Folks, that income level does not go you invited to the cool parties on Martha’s Vineyard.

Let me share a line from the case:

Petitioners stated in their petition that ‘[they] never heard of [the] alternative minimum tax.”

I get it. I consider it unconscionable that an average person has to hire someone like me to prepare their taxes.  

Our case this time for the home gamers was Colton and Mazwin v Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2021-44.

Divorced Parents And A Dependent Child

 It is one of my least favorite issues in tax practice.

Who is entitled to a dependent?

Granted, there is no longer a dependency exemption available, but there are other tax items, such as the child tax credit, that require a dependent.

The issue can go off-the-rails if the parents are (a) divorced and (b) combative.

It occurs when both parents claim the same child for the same year.

One of the parents is going to lose the dependency, of course, but how the Code determines which one may surprise you.

The Code wants to know which is the custodial parent – that is, which parent did the child live with for the majority of the year. Granted, in some cases the answer may be razor close, but most of the time there is a clear answer.

The Code anticipates that the custodial parent will claim the child.

What if the noncustodial parent provides most of the child’s support?

The Code (for the most part) does not care.

How does the noncustodial parent get to claim the child?

If the parents get along, then there is no issue. Everyone follows the rules and there is no tax controversy.

If the parents do not get along and both claim the same child, the IRS is going to get involved. It will want to know: who is the custodial parent?

But the divorce decree says ….

You might be surprised how little the IRS cares about that divorce decree.

What it is interested in is whether a certain form was filed with the noncustodial parent’s return: Form 8332.

This form has to be signed by the custodial parent. If the parents do not get along, you can see the problem.

What happens if the noncustodial parent does not attach this form and both parents claim the child?

Let’s take a look at the DeMar case.

The divorce decree said that Mr Demar (Dad) was to claim the son in odd-numbered years. Dad claimed the son for 2015.

Mrs DeMar (Mom) also claimed the son.

The IRS came in. There (of course) was no Form 8332. The IRS could care less what that divorce decree had to say, so off to Tax Court they went.

Dad is going to lose this all day every day, except ….

Would you believe that – before the Tax Court hearing – Mom signed Form 8332?  

That doesn’t happen much.

There is a proposed Regulation on this point:

A noncustodial parent may submit a copy of the written declaration to the IRS during an examination to substantiate a claim to a dependency exemption for the child.

Did that save Dad?

Let’s keep reading:

A copy of a written declaration attached to an amended return, or provided during an examination, will not meet the requirement of this paragraph … if the custodial parent … has not filed an amended return to remove that claim to a dependency exemption for the child.

So one can file the 8832 late but one also has to prove that the other parent amended his/her return to remove the dependency for the child.

Guess what?

Mom did not amend her return.

Dad lost.

The IRS did not care about that divorce decree and the odd-numbered year.

I get it. The IRS has no intention of playing family court, so it established mechanical rules for the dependency. The average person focuses on the divorce decree – understandably – but the IRS does not.  Procedure is everything in this area.

Our case this time was DeMar v Commissioner T.C. Memo 2019-91.

Remember The Port

One thing about this blog is that it likely reflects what’s happening here at Intergalactic Command.

Here goes: it is unlikely that you will need an extensive and expensive estate tax plan, unless you (a) have unique family issues, such as a special needs child, or (b) have a tractor-trailer load of money.

Pass away in 2018 and you will not have a federal estate tax until you get to $11.2 million.

OBSERVATION: This amount increased under the new tax bill.

Folks, that excludes almost everybody.

I suppose you could live in a state with a state estate tax, like Illinois. If you do, here is some tax advice: move.

So how do you get into the federal estate tax?

It is easy enough in concept.  

Here goes:

                          Net FMV of assets you die with

                                           Plus

                    Reportable gifts made over your lifetime

BTW, notice that assets you die with and assets you gifted away are added together. The IRS is going to tax you whether you kept stuff or gave it away. The nerd term for this is “unified” tax.

There are tricks and traps to “assets you die with,” but, for the most part, it means what it says. The “net” means you get to deduct your liabilities from your assets. The “FMV” means fair market value. Take a car for example. You might get its FMV from Kelly Blue Book.

What does “reportable gifts” mean?

Let walk around the block on this. Let’s say you made a gift to a family member in 2017. Do you have to report it?

Depends on the amount. For 2017 the annual gift tax exclusion was $14,000. This means that you could gift anyone on the planet $14,000 and the government did not need to know. If you were married, then your spouse and you could double-up, meaning that together you could gift $28,000 without the government needing to know.

Let’s say that you are single. You gifted someone $50,000 in 2017. What have you got?

Easy enough: $50,000 – 14,000 = $36,000 is reportable. Yep, you went over the limit. You have to file a gift tax return.

Mind you, it is very unlikely that you will have any gift tax due on that return.

Why not?

Let’s circle back to the formula:

                             

                          Net FMV of assets you die with

                                           Plus

                    Reportable gifts made over your lifetime

You haven’t died yet, so the first line is zero.

But you still have the second line.

Remember that you can die in 2018 with $11.2 million and not be taxed.

Folks, if someone has gifted over $11.2 million (mind you, this is over a lifetime), please call or e-mail me. I want to get into that person’s will – I mean, I want to develop a lifelong friendship with a kindred soul.  

What if you fudge the numbers? You know, play down the gifts a bit? Who will know once you are gone, right?

If you are married, there could be a hitch with this.

Let’s take a look at the Estate of Sower case.

Frank Sower passed away in 2012, leaving Minnie as his surviving spouse. He filed an estate tax return, and it showed an unused estate tax exclusion of $1,250,000.         

COMMENT: Beginning in 2010, any unused estate tax exclusion of the first-to-die spouse could carryover to the surviving spouse. For example, the exclusion for 2011 was $5 million. Let’s say that the first-to-die had a taxable estate of $3.6 million. The balance - $1.4 million – could transfer to the surviving spouse.

This was a big improvement in tax practice. Previously tax professionals used trusts – “family” trusts and “marital” trusts, for example - to make sure that estate tax exclusions did not go squandered. One can still use trusts if one wants, but it is not as mandatory as it used to be. The transfer of the unused exclusion to the surviving spouse is called “portability” (“port” to the nerds) and it required (and still requires) the first-to-die to file a federal estate tax return, whether otherwise required, if only to alert the IRS that some of the exclusion is being ported.

There was however a problem with Frank’s estate return: the preparer left out $940,000 of reportable gifts. That in turn meant that the unused exclusion was overstated, as those unreported gifts would have soaked up a chunk of it.

Minnie died in 2013. Her estate showed the unused exemption ported from Frank. It was wrong, but it was there. The same tax preparer must have done her estate return, as once again her reportable gifts were left off.

The IRS audited her estate return and caught the mistake. They wondered whether Frank’s return had the same issue. It did, of course, so the IRS adjusted Frank’s ported exemption.

When the dust settled, Minnie’s estate owed another $788,165.

Ouch. Folks, the estate tax has one of the highest rates in the Code. A lot of effort goes into minimizing this thing. At least Congress has gotten away from having  taxable estates begin at $600,000, as it did in the nineties. Average folk did not consider $600,000 to be “wealthy,” no matter what Congress and the grievance mongers said.

The estate litigated. They argued that the Frank’s estate had a closing letter (think magical letter, but the estate’s letter was non-magical); that the adjustment to the port was an impermissible second review of Frank’s return; that the IRS position improperly overrode the statute of limitations, and so on. The estate lost on all counts.

What do we learn from Sower?

         

(1) It is OK to port.

(2) But the IRS can adjust the port if you get it wrong.

What did we learn from this post?

Remember the port.