Gambling As A Trade Or Business

 

The question came up recently:

How does one convince the IRS that they are a professional gambler?

The answer: it is tough. But not impossible. Here is a quote from a landmark case on the topic:

If one’s gambling activity is pursued full time, in good faith, and with regularity, to the production of income for a livelihood, and is not a mere hobby, it is a trade or business.” (Groetzinger)

First, one must establish that the gambling activity is an actual trade or business.  

Believe or not, the term “trade or business” is not precisely defined in the tax Code. This point drew attention when the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) introduced the qualified business deduction for – you guessed it – a trade or business. Congress was stacking yet another Code section on top of one that remained undefined.

Court cases have defined a trade or business an activity conducted with the motive of making a profit and conducted with continuity and regularity.

That doesn’t really move the needle for me.

For example, I play fantasy football with the intention of winning the league. Does that mean that I have the requisite “profit motive?” I suppose one could reply that - even if there is a profit motive - there is no continuity or regularity as the league is not conducted year-round.

To which I would respond that it cannot be conducted year-round as the NFL is not played year-round. Compare it to a ski slope – which can only do business during the winter. There is no need for a ski slope during the summer. The slope does business during its natural business season, which is the best it can do. My fantasy football league does the same.

Perhaps you would switch arguments and say that playing in one league is not sufficient. Perhaps if I played in XX leagues, I could then argue that I was a fantasy football professional.

OK, IRS, what then is the number XX?

The tax nerds will recognize the IRS using that argument against stock traders to deny trade or business status. Unless your name rhymes with “Boldman Tacks,” the IRS is virtually predestined to deny you trade or business status. You trade 500 times a year? Not enough, says the IRS; maybe if you traded 1,000 times. The next guy trades 1,000 times. Not enough, says the IRS. Did we say 1,000?  We misspoke; we meant 2,000.

So the courts have gone to the Code section and cases for hobby losses. You may remember those: hobby losses are activities for which people try to deduct losses, arguing that they are in fact true-blue, pinky-swear, profit-seeking trades or businesses.

You want an example? I’ll give you one from Galactic Command: a wealthy person’s daughter is interested in horses and dressage. Mom and dad cannot refuse. At the end of the year, I am pulled into the daughter’s dressage activity because … well, you know why.

Here are additional factors to consider under the (Section 183) hobby loss rules:

1.  The activity is conducted in a business-like manner.
2.  The taxpayer’s expertise
3.  The taxpayer’s time and effort
4.  The expectation that any assets used in the activity will appreciate in value.
5.  The taxpayer’s history of success in other activities
6.  The taxpayer’s history of profitability
7.  The taxpayer’s financial status
8.  The presence of personal pleasure or recreation

I suspect factors (7) and (8) would pretty much shut down that dressage activity.

Let’s look at the Mercier case.

The Merciers lived in Nevada. During 2019 Mrs Mercier was an accountant at a charter school and Mr Mercier operated an appliance repair business. They played video poker almost exclusively, of which they had extensive knowledge. They gambled solely on days when they could earn extra players card points or receive some other advantage. They considered themselves professional gamblers.

Do you think they are?

I see (3), (7) and (8) as immediate concerns.

The Court never got past (1):

We find that although Petitioners are serious about gambling, they were not professional gamblers. Petitioners are both sophisticated in that they are an accountant and a previous business owner. Petitioner wife acknowledged that as an accountant, she would advise a taxpayer operating a business to keep records. Petitioner husband acknowledged that for his appliance repair business, he did keep records.”

COMMENT: In case you were wondering about the sentence structure, this was a bench opinion. The judge made a verbal rather than written decision.

Petitioners did not personally keep track of their gambling activity in 2019 choosing, instead, to rely on third-party information from casinos, even though they further acknowledged that the casino record may be incomplete, as only jackpot winnings, not smaller winnings, are reported. Petitioners also did not keep a separate bank account to manage gambling winnings and expenses, but used their personal account, which is further evidence of the casual nature of their gambling.”

My thoughts? The Merciers were not going to win. It was just a matter of where the Court was going to press on the hobby-loss checklist of factors. We have learned something, though. If you are arguing trade or business, you should – at a bare minimum – open a business account and have some kind of accounting system in place.  

Our case this time was Mercier v Commissioner, Tax Court docket number 7499-22S, June 6, 2023.

Walk The Walk, Talk The Talk

We have another not-for-profit story.

Spoiler Alert: it failed.

Why did it fail?

Sometimes there is a great story, the churning of technical arcana and the tease of suspense.

This is not one of those times.

Our homespun protagonist this time is the Community Education Foundation. It had changed names several times over its life, but that appears to have been its last nom de jour.

It began life as a doe-eyed and enthusiastic 501(c)(3) back in 2001. It was going to change the world:

The …. is a conservative research and educational institute focusing on public policy issues that have particular impact on African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans and heritage groups (the ‘Target Groups’).”

                COMMENT: “Heritage” groups?

Anyway …

The Foundation’s guiding principle is to encourage open inquiry about public policy issues that are of particular interest and educational values for the Target Groups and the public in general and to provide programs that highlight and educate the Target Groups and the public about these germane subjects and/or public policy issues.”

Wow. Good thing someone jumped on “educating” all those “target” groups on “germane” subjects.

The (c)(3) obviously had to do stuff to bring enlightenment to the benighted and wretched, including:

(1) Town hall meetings

(2) National workshops

(3) Congressional forums

(4) Billboards, radio, television, and other media, such as town criers, bodypainting and soothing rap music drifting through open car windows while waiting at a traffic light.

Fast forward. To 2012. Eleven years later. The IRS took a look at said (c)(3). It wanted to know how it was doing.

The IRS revoked the (c)(3).

Whoa. That seemed a bit strong.

What pray tell provoked such a response?

The Community Education Foundation had done nothing – zip, zero, the square root of nada – for 11 years.

The (c)(3) disagreed and took the matter to Tax Court.

It did have an argument: it turns out that it tried but failed to do some things in 2009 and 2010, including a “Presidential Inaugural Ball” to honor veterans.

COMMENT: I too have no idea what one has to do with the other.

The Tax Court pointed out the obvious: if you want to be a (c)(3), you have to …

·      Talk the talk, and

·      Walk the walk

In eleven years, the organization had performed none of the activities it had said it would when it applied for exempt status.

There was no walk to the talk.

The (c)(3) status was revoked.

Can A Coffee Shop Be Tax-Exempt?

I have been spending quite a bit of time over the last few days working on or reviewing not-for-profit returns.

It may surprise you, but – with a few exceptions – not-for-profit organizations are required to file paperwork annually with the IRS.

There is a reason for this: the tax Code recognizes some organizations as “per se” not-for-profit – churches are the classic example. Churches do not need to be told by the IRS that they are tax-exempt; they simply are. A large part of this is church:state separation, although church programs that begin to look uncannily similar to for-profit businesses are supposed to file an income tax return (known as Form 990-T) and pay tax.

Then we have the next tier: the education, charitable, scientific, etc. entities that also comprise not-for-profits. These are not “per se” and have to apply with the IRS to have their exempt status recognized. The application is done via either Form 1023 or Form 1024, depending upon the type of exempt status desired.

We talking about the March of Dimes, Doctors Without Borders or your local high school boosters club.

One thing this tier has in common is that they have to explain to the IRS what their exempt purpose is.

And there are tax subtleties at play. For example, can your exempt purpose be less than 50% of what you do? What if it is more than 50% but you have a significant (but less than 50%) non-exempt purpose? What if you start out at a more-than-50% exempt purpose but – over time – your non-exempt purpose goes over 50%?

This becomes its own field of specialization. I have met practitioners over the years whose only practice is tax exempts.

I am looking at the IRS response to a recent exempt application. I will give you a few facts and flavor, and let’s see if you can anticipate the IRS decision on the matter.

(1)  A minister had an idea for a coffee shop. The shop would be separate from the church (hence the exempt application). Being separate however would allow (and maybe encourage) other churches and religious groups to participate.

(2)  The coffee shop would allow believers and non-believers to interact. There would be religious activities, but the activities would not be organized by the shop. They would instead be organized by the patrons. By the way, the shop could also be used for non-religious activities. One could leave a donation for the use of the space.

(3)  There are no similar businesses where the shop is located, hence it is not taking commercial opportunity from a profit-seeking business.

(4)  The shop affords a gathering space that is open late, as well as provide safe space for residents to gather.

(5)  The shop takes part in a job-skills training program to help underserved youth by placing them in an actual job for a six-week internship.

(6)  The shop participates in a project for the children of incarcerated parents. Patrons can share gifts with the kids, such as for their birthdays and Christmas.

(7)  The shop does not want to turn away anyone for inability to pay. There is a program where a customer can pay for a certain amount of coffee in advance. When a not-able-to-pay patron enters, he/she is served from those advance payments.

(8)  The shop sells coffee, teas, smoothies and so forth. There are also baked goods, as well as salads and desserts.

(9)  The shop roasts its own coffee, which is sourced directly from coffee farmers. This allows the farmers to earn more than other conventional means of distribution. The coffee is also available for sale, and there are plans to sell the coffee online in the future

(10)        The shop uses some volunteers, but its largest expense is (understandably) wages and related payroll costs.

(11)        The shop intends to give away its profits - that is, when it finally becomes profitable.

What do you think? Would you give this shop exempt status?

Here goes the IRS:

(1)  To be exempt, an organization must be both organized and operated exclusively for an exempt purpose. The test has two parts: the paperwork and what is actually going on.

(2)  The IRS has defined the word “exclusively” to mean “primarily.”

(3)  Hot on the heels of that definition, the IRS has also said that non-exempt activities must not be “more than an insubstantial part” of activities.

OBSERVATION: You can see the evolution of law here. A non-tax specialist would anticipate that an activity is exempt if the exempt activity is 51% or more of all activities. The flip side is that a non-exempt activity should be as much as 49%.

The IRS however states that a non-exempt activity cannot be “more than an insubstantial part” of all activities.

Does “insubstantial” mean as much as 49%?

If not, then the IRS is changing definitions all over the place.

(4)  The IRS has previously decided that the operation of a grocery store to provide on-the-job training to hardcore unemployed represented two purposes, not one. Each purpose has to be reviewed to determine whether it is exempt or not.

(a)  And now it gets tricky. If the store is staffed principally by a target group (or volunteers) AND the store is no larger than reasonably necessary for achieving the exempt purpose, the IRS has said that the store is exempt.

(b)  Conversely, if the store is not staffed by the target group (or volunteers) or larger than necessary, the IRS has said that the store is non-exempt.

(5)  While the coffee shop intends to donate its profits, its main activity is the operation of a coffee shop in a commercial manner.

(6)  And that activity is “more than insubstantial.”

The IRS rejected the application. The coffee shop will have to pay taxes.

Doesn’t it matter that they are giving away all profits? Isn’t there a vow-of-poverty-thing that one can point to?

And there is a key point about tax law in the world of exempts. Giving away money will not transform a for-profit activity into a not-for-profit activity. Granted, you may get a charitable deduction, but you will be taxable. The IRS has been steadfast on this point for many years. The activity itself has to be exempt, not just the monies derived from said activity. To phrase it differently, gigantic donations will not make Microsoft a tax-exempt entity.

The IRS decided the shop was too similar to a Starbucks or Caribou.    

And giving away any profits wasn’t enough to change the answer.

Does the shop do great work?

Yes.

Is it tax exempt?

Nope.